Though the fledgling United States tried to respect Indian rights, the country couldn't restrain settlers' impulses to be "fruitful, multiply replenish the earth, and subdue it". Every Indian felt the pressure as the white men moved them to smaller tracts of land further west, into an area called "Indian Country."

Despite being uprooted, the Cherokee enjoyed a Golden Age launched by an 1846 Treaty. They established public schools, and seminaries for men and women. (The female seminary was revolutionary since most Americans thought women were intellectually inferior to men). They also built homes and farms. But when the Civil War swept west, the railroads signalled the end of Cherokee sovereignty.